Over the course of this session we will go through, together with its protagonists, social organizations, neighborhood groups and universities, concrete experiences in which citizen science has been placed at the service of real problems. From the memory of environmental pollution in La Almozara (Zaragoza), to the neighborhood relationships and participatory processes developed in Las Fuentes (Zaragoza) and in San Matías (Tenerife). A journey that combines the conceptual framework developed in collaboration with Fundación Ibercivis and the Universidad de Zaragoza, with direct testimonies from those who have driven different processes from within the territory.

The aim is to share knowledge, learnings, methodologies and common challenges, understanding Citizen Science not only as a methodological tool, but, above all, as a way of weaving community and of putting knowledge at the service of those who inhabit the territories.

Registration: click here.

Citizen science with a community accent

Monday, 13 July 2026

5:30 pm to 8:00 pm (4:30 pm to 7:00 pm in the Canary Islands)

Program:

5:30 pm | 4:30 pm Presentation of the training

5:45 pm | 4:45 pm Inspiring framework and discussion

Citizen science with a community accent

Ms. Maite Pelacho López

Citizen Science Observatory in Spain

Fundación Ibercivis

6:25 pm | 5:25 pm Break I (5′)

6:30 pm | 5:30 pm Inspiring experience

Learning about the environmental pollution legacy of La Almozara (Zaragoza)

Mr. Óscar Pueyo Anchuela, resident of La Almozara, Beagle Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza | Mr. Jorge Sánchez Aguilar, Ebro de La Almozara Neighborhood Association

6:50 pm | 5:50 pm Inspiring experience

ParticipaBarrio: Las Fuentes (Zaragoza)

Ms. Virginia Pellejero Lavega, Fundación El Tranvía | Mr. Chabier Gimeno Monterde, Universidad de Zaragoza

7:10 pm | 6:10 pm Inspiring experience

ParticipaBarrio: San Matías (Tenerife)

Ms. Concepción Casanova Gaspar and Ms. Gara Darias García, La Montaña de San Matías Neighborhood Association | Mr. Vicente Manuel Zapata Hernández, Universidad de La Laguna

7:30 pm | 6:30 pm Break II (5′)

7:35 pm | 6:35 pm Questions and dialogue among participants

7:50 pm | 6:50 pm Conclusions

This training has been organized by Vicente Manuel Zapata Hernández (Universidad de La Laguna) with the collaboration of Fundación Ibercivis through the Citizen Science Observatory in Spain.

La entrada Online Training with the Universidad de La Laguna and Ibercivis: Citizen Science with a Community Accent se publicó primero en Fundación Ibercivis.

From Ibercivis we invite you to the Presentation Event of the new web portal of the Citizen Science Observatory in Spain, with which we want to give a new boost to citizen science at the national level and across the different territories.

The event will be chaired by the Rector of the Universidad de Zaragoza and president of Fundación Ibercivis, Rosa Bolea, and will also include representation from the entities that make up the Board of Trustees of Ibercivis.

In addition to the rector’s presentation, the event will include a moderated dialogue on the evaluation of citizen science in research, a presentation on a success case, the launch of the new portal ciencia-ciudadana.es, its new features and its integration with the European platform citizenscience.eu.

The event will also include the official announcement of the 1st Citizen Science Congress in Spain, scheduled for 2027.

It will close with a reception for attendees.

• Date: Wednesday, 15 July 2026
• Time: 11:00 to 12:30
• Format: In person and online
• Venue: Aula Magna, Paraninfo Building, Universidad de Zaragoza

Whether you wish to attend in person or remotely, please register through the following registration form. Here is the link for online access.

We ask that you extend this invitation to members of your team or to anyone you think may be interested. Thank you very much.

We hope to be able to greet you personally in Zaragoza or virtually.

La entrada Presentation of the new platform of the Citizen Science Observatory in Spain. 15/07/2026 se publicó primero en Fundación Ibercivis.

The gathering, organized within the framework of the agreement between the Nuclear Safety Council and Fundación Ibercivis, will review the project’s scientific results and open a space for discussion on citizen science and radiological protection culture.

Register here to attend the event in person

Register here to attend online

The event will take place at the headquarters of the Nuclear Safety Council, in Madrid, from 10:30 to 14:00. The day will open with remarks from Francisco Castejón, a member of the CSN Council, followed by an overview of the project by Francisco Sanz, director of Fundación Ibercivis.

Next, Nacho Sáez will present the results of the hackathons held during the project, with subsequent participation from people who took part in them. After the coffee break, Arturo Vargas, from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, will present the sensor and metrology aspects, and the TTN Madrid community will explain how to connect an individual’s own device to Openred through The Things Network.

The second part of the morning will open with a talk on the measurement campaigns, given by Luis Quindós, from the Universidad de Cantabria, with testimonies from those who took part in them. Olga Varela, from Fundación Ibercivis, will present the social aspects of the project, with participation from an educational center. The scientific block will close with two talks on collective intelligence and risk perception, given by Alfonso Tarancón, from the Universidad de Zaragoza, and Roser Sala, from CIEMAT.

Before the closing, Fundación Ibercivis will present the future lines of work opening up based on what has been built in Openred. The event will conclude at 14:00 with closing remarks from Antonio Ortiz, from the CSN, and a group photo with all participants.

Registration is available at this form.

La entrada Openred closes its project with a public event at CSN headquarters on 9 July se publicó primero en Fundación Ibercivis.

The activity brought together more than 60 people from universities, research centers, educational centers, associations, companies and other entities linked to research, science outreach and citizen participation.

The workshop was organized by Fundación Descubre, the Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Fundación Ibercivis within the framework of the Andalucía + Ciencia Ciudadana project, and those registered reflected a wide diversity of experience in citizen science: some were approaching it for the first time, while others were already collaborating in participatory initiatives, managing citizen science projects, or had taken part in previous funding calls.

The session began with an introduction to citizen science, its historical evolution and its main characteristics as a research approach, accompanied by examples of projects, platforms and impacts. This was followed by a review of different funding programs and opportunities at the European and national level, assessing their suitability for integrating citizen science activities.

The core of the workshop was devoted to the elements that determine the design of a solid proposal: the role of citizens and their level of participation, the scope of action, the target audience of the project, the return to participants, data management and ethical aspects. The session also addressed practical questions of drafting and structure — from interpreting calls for proposals and forming consortia to preparing the budget and addressing evaluation criteria — with attention to the particularities that citizen science introduces in each section.

Throughout the session it was emphasized that citizen science cannot be incorporated into a project as a decorative or merely communicative element. For it to carry weight in a competitive proposal, it must be coherently integrated into the objectives, methodology, work plan and expected impacts.

The training closed with a discussion space in which questions mainly revolved around how to articulate citizen participation in different areas of knowledge. For Fundación Ibercivis, this type of activity is part of its work in strengthening capacities for the design of participatory projects and in supporting entities and researchers who want to translate their ideas into rigorous funding proposals with social impact.

La entrada Over 60 people explore how to bring citizen science into competitive proposals se publicó primero en Fundación Ibercivis.

The activity, carried out within the framework of the Life-Nitrazens project, introduced students in 4th, 5th and 6th grade of Primary Education to the issue of nitrates through a sample-collection route at various points around the municipality.

The Villadiego school hosted a new citizen science session as part of the Life-Nitrazens project, in which around 30 students from 4th, 5th and 6th grade of Primary Education took part. The aim of the activity was to introduce students to the importance of knowing about and caring for water quality, as well as to show in a practical way how sample collection is carried out for nitrate analysis.

During the session, students took part in a route around the municipality’s surroundings in which different water points were visited, including a well, a natural spring and the river. Along the route, the schoolchildren were able to learn about the sample-collection procedure, the importance of correctly recording the information associated with each point, and the role that citizens play in generating data useful for better understanding the state of the water.

Students took part hands-on in a demonstration activity on sample collection, which allowed them to become familiar with the equipment and understand the importance of carrying out the process in an orderly and rigorous manner.

In addition, sampling kits were given to some students from nearby towns, so that they could later carry out sample collection together with their parents, siblings or other family members. In this way, the activity was not limited to the classroom, but was conceived as an opportunity to bring citizen science into the family setting and to other nearby localities.

Life-Nitrazens is a European project focused on monitoring nitrates in water through citizen science. Through the participation of citizens, farmers, educational centers and local stakeholders, the project seeks to improve knowledge about the presence of nitrates in the territory and to foster greater awareness of the protection of water resources.

The session held in Villadiego made it possible to bring this issue to students in a simple, participatory way, connected to their immediate surroundings, reinforcing the idea that citizen science can also start at school.

La entrada Citizen science to determine nitrate concentration in water: session at CEIP Fray Enrique Flórez in Villadiego se publicó primero en Fundación Ibercivis.

The balloon reached a maximum altitude of 34,269 meters and landed near Villamayor de Gállego after just over two hours of flight.

The launch took place from the Quinto sports pavilion at 12:34. Educational centers, volunteers, technicians from the collaborating entities, and local members of the public took part in the preparation and setup, closely following the inflation and release of the balloon.

Communication and monitoring systems fitted to the balloon

The capsule carried several instrumentation and tracking systems on board: multiple APRS transmitters, LoRa devices connected to the TTN (The Things Network) network, cameras, a SPOT GEN3 tracker, and pressure and altitude sensors.

Results, distance traveled and balloon monitoring via TTN

The balloon ascended at an average speed of 5.47 m/s, reaching its maximum altitude of 34,269 meters at 14:17, and began its descent assisted by parachute. The maximum fall speed recorded was 84.8 m/s (equivalent to 305 km/h), typical during the depressurization and bursting phase of the balloon. The capsule landed near Villamayor de Gállego at 14:46, in an agricultural area, and was recovered at coordinates 41.698350, -0.761410 at an altitude of 334 meters. Real-time tracking was carried out through various platforms, including predict.sondehub.org, and the signal was received by receivers distributed throughout the Iberian Peninsula, reaching TTN gateways located in France and North Africa, which highlights the reach of the LoRa coverage network at high altitudes.

The images obtained during the flight show the curvature of the Earth from the stratosphere, with the Ebro Valley and the surrounding mountain systems visible on the horizon. The altitude, pressure and telemetry data were recorded and are available for analysis.

The #SERVET project is part of the citizen science activity in the stratosphere carried out by the I3A (University Research Institute for Engineering in Aragón) of the University of Zaragoza, with the collaboration of Fundación Ibercivis in communication and outreach, Teconecta on the technological component, and the Ayuntamiento de Quinto as host site and local logistical support.

La entrada The eleventh launch of the #SERVET project reaches an altitude of 34,269 meters from Quinto, Zaragoza se publicó primero en Fundación Ibercivis.

The project, driven by the Nuclear Safety Council and Fundación Ibercivis, consolidates an open data infrastructure that will remain active and public.

Openred comes to an end with a citizen network operating throughout Spain. Over two years, the project has combined various participatory activities, citizen training in radiological protection, and an openly accessible digital platform to build the country’s largest collaborative record of environmental gamma radiation.

What Openred has built in two years

The starting point was instrumental rigor. Before distributing the devices, five detectors were evaluated at the Institute of Energy Technologies of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (INTE-UPC) through five laboratory phases. The selected model, the RadiaCode 102 — with a CsI(Tl) scintillator crystal and spectrometric capability — has been taken by the Openred project to different points across Spanish territory. More than 300 participants have taken measurements using this device.

Building on that instrumental foundation, the network grew through various lines of action. Three hackathons held in Madrid, Zaragoza and Santander, together with participants from Bilbao, brought together 138 people — students, engineers, makers and professionals — to develop hardware, connectivity and data visualization solutions. The winning proposal in Madrid, from the TTN-Moratalaz team, integrates the detectors into The Things Network via LoRa, WiFi and 4G, and is now part of the project’s infrastructure.

In parallel, measurement campaigns have reached various areas of Spain, such as the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Valencia, Salamanca, Badajoz, Melilla, the Moncayo and the GR11, with more than 392 participants measuring their environment with the support of local universities and laboratories acting as ambassadors — including the Universitat de les Illes Balears and the Universidad de La Laguna. In all cases, the data confirmed the environmental normality of the areas measured.

Additionally, more than 20 educational centers, ranging from vocational training programs to master’s degree programs, have incorporated Openred into their classrooms through a teaching unit developed by the project, as well as through training and measurement campaigns. That student data was incorporated into the same public platform via the website or the app (iOS and Android).

The infrastructure continues

The closing of the project does not mean the end of the network. The platform map.open-red.es will remain active and will continue to receive new measurements through the mobile app, available for Android and iOS. Anyone interested in gamma radiation who has a Radiacode 102 device can contribute their data to the collaborative map. In addition, the more than 280,000 georeferenced records are openly available for use in research, education or science outreach.

About Openred

Openred is a citizen science project whose objective is to create an open and collaborative map of environmental gamma radiation levels in Spain, while also promoting citizen culture in radiological protection.

Openred enables citizens to generate scientifically valuable data under a rigorous methodology, favoring the democratization of science — not only in access to it but also in the generation of knowledge.

Openred is an initiative driven by the Nuclear Safety Council (CSN) and Fundación Ibercivis, in collaboration with experts from the Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research (CIEMAT), the University of Zaragoza, the University of Cantabria and the Polytechnic University of Catalonia.

La entrada Openred closes its initial phase after two years with 800 participants and more than 280,000 environmental gamma radiation measurements in Spain se publicó primero en Fundación Ibercivis.

The four-hour session made it possible to compare how each group’s responses varied when technical information was introduced and measurements were taken with gamma radiation detectors, within the Openred citizen science project.

On 17 June a Collective Intelligence experiment was carried out within the framework of the Openred project using the Kampal platform, in which eleven students from IES Benjamín Jarnés in Fuentes de Ebro (first year of Bachillerato and fourth year of ESO) and four students from IES Matadepera (second year of Bachillerato) took part. The connection between both schools was carried out online, which made it possible to run the activity simultaneously despite the geographical distance.

At IES Benjamín Jarnés the session was led by Francisco Sanz with the support of Asun Iguarbe, from Fundación Ibercivis, and with the collaboration of teacher Adolfo Amella Santolaria. At IES Matadepera, participants included Roser Sala Escarrabill, a researcher at CIEMAT, Olga Varela, from Ibercivis, and teacher Mercè Prieto.

What is collective intelligence?

Collective intelligence is the capacity of a group of people to solve problems more effectively than the most talented individual in the group (Woolley et al., 2010). This capacity, known as “factor c,” resembles a group’s intelligence quotient and depends not only on the ability of its members but, crucially, on how they interact (Gonzalo et al., 2023). Rather than being the simple sum of talents, collective intelligence emerges from coordination, active listening and the ability to build on others’ ideas (Levy, 2002; Surowiecki, 2005).

Collaborative work offers a key advantage: it overcomes the biases and limitations of individual thinking. In a well-designed collective process, participants propose solutions, share them and modify them. This dynamic generates a “wisdom of the crowd effect,” where the diversity of perspectives and interaction among peers makes it possible to filter out weaker ideas and strengthen the soundest ones (Bernstein et al., 2018). By combining individual knowledge with discussion and consensus, collective intelligence becomes an effective method for addressing “grand challenges” — such as radiological protection — turning citizen participation into a source of informed, shared solutions of higher quality than any isolated contribution.

How the session unfolded

The activity was structured in several phases. First, students answered an initial questionnaire on radiological protection through the Kampal IC collective intelligence platform, where each participant can see their group’s proposals and decide whether to adopt them or contribute an idea of their own. When asked for their opinions on this first phase, some groups noted that they would have liked a bit more time to answer.

This was followed by radiological training given by Begoña Pérez, a researcher in Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry at CIEMAT, which served to review key concepts on radiation and its measurement.

After a short break, the groups carried out real measurements of ambient gamma radiation with RadiaCode 102 detectors provided by Ibercivis around the schools. With this data, available on the platform, the collective intelligence experiment was repeated with the same initial questions, in order to observe to what extent the training received and the measurement experience had changed the group’s responses.

When comparing both rounds, the results showed no significant changes in most of the responses, although there was greater precision in the priorities and in the selection of relevant information by the students. This finding invites further exploration of how opinions on radiological protection are formed and maintained even after receiving direct technical information.

The measurements collected during the session were incorporated into the Openred open data platform, where they are integrated alongside the more than 250,000 records contributed at various points across Spain, available for consultation and contextualization.

About Openred

Openred is a citizen science project whose objective is to create an open, collaborative map of ambient gamma radiation levels in Spain, while also promoting citizen culture in radiological protection.

Openred enables citizens to generate scientifically valuable data under a rigorous methodology, favoring the democratization of science — not only in access to it but also in the generation of knowledge.

Openred is an initiative driven by the Nuclear Safety Council (CSN) and Fundación Ibercivis, in collaboration with experts from the Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research (CIEMAT), the University of Zaragoza, the University of Cantabria and the Polytechnic University of Catalonia.

Bibliography

Gonzalo, A., Sanz-García, F., Varela, O., Rivero, A., Tarancón, A., Pelacho, M., & Moreno, A. (2023). Collective intelligence to find solutions to the challenges posed by the sustainable development goals (No. ART-2023-134500).

Bernstein, E., Shore, J., & Lazer, D. (2018). How intermittent breaks in interaction improve collective intelligence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(35), 8734-8739.

Lévy, P. (2002). L’intelligenza collettiva. Per un’antropologia del cyberspazio. Feltrinelli.

Surowiecki, J. (2005). The Wisdom of Crowds. Anchor Books.

Woolley, A. W., Chabris, C. F., Pentland, A., Hashmi, N., & Malone, T. W. (2010). Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. Science, 330(6004), 686-688.

La entrada Students from Aragón and Catalonia take part in a Collective Intelligence experiment to test collaborative knowledge in radiological protection se publicó primero en Fundación Ibercivis.

Introduction. Between 1845 and 1850, the sixteen volumes of the Geographical-Statistical-Historical Dictionary of Spain and its Overseas Possessions were published — one of the largest territorial information-gathering enterprises carried out in 19th-century Spain. Although the work bears the name of Pascual Madoz, behind it lay an extensive network of correspondents, local collaborators, and editorial workers. More than the result of a single author, the “Madoz” was a great collective infrastructure of knowledge.

A distributed network of collaborators. Madoz relied on more than a thousand collaborators and around twenty correspondents spread across Spain and overseas territories. From various locations they sent news, descriptions, and data about municipalities, villages, and regions. The information covered topics as diverse as terrain and climate, roads and communications, agriculture, industry, commerce, schools, population, taxation, and local history. This network made it possible to gather knowledge from very distant territories and turn it into an organized, searchable work. Viewed from today, it is reminiscent of distributed information-production systems now called crowdsourcing, although its operation was entirely centralized and hierarchical.

Local knowledge and editorial organization. Collaborators contributed close-to-the-ground information, but this did not go straight to the printer. The editorial team led by Madoz had to sort the responses, compare them with administrative documentation, and adapt them to a common structure. For more significant localities, entries followed up to twelve sections covering their location, population, territory, communications, production, industry, commerce, wealth, and history. The value of the project lay not only in the quantity of data collected, but also in the attempt to apply a common template to thousands of places. That standardization made it possible to compare territories and build a general picture of the country from numerous partial contributions.

A valuable source that must also be read critically. The Dictionary remains a reference for historians, geographers, demographers, and local heritage scholars. However, not all the information it contains is equally reliable. Some of its figures came from incomplete official records, and some informants may have concealed or altered data related to population, wealth, or taxes. Its importance does not eliminate these limitations: it serves as a reminder that every collective project needs common protocols, source traceability, and validation mechanisms.

Why is Madoz’s project a benchmark in citizen science?

• Collective intelligence. The work brought together thousands of local contributions to build a broad and detailed vision of the territory.
• Situated knowledge. Collaborators provided first-hand information about the places they inhabited, showing that knowledge is also produced outside academic and administrative centers.
• Coordination of contributions. A common structure made it possible to organize, compare, and convert local information into a collective work of national scope.
• Dissemination of knowledge. The Madoz gathered and circulated an enormous amount of territorial information, anticipating the current value of sharing and making collective knowledge accessible.
• An open tension. The project had centralized direction: Madoz selected the collaborators and controlled the editing. Even so, it anticipated current citizen science questions such as territorial participation, data validation, and recognition of contributors.

Did you know…?

Madoz himself rejected sole credit for the work: “I am not the author of the Dictionary,” he stated, acknowledging the work of his collaborators and the editorial office. Its sixteen volumes total more than eleven thousand pages and remain an essential source for studying mid-19th-century Spain. Its history also teaches that gathering large amounts of data is not enough: to build collective knowledge, it is necessary to know its origin, verify its quality, and make its possible limitations visible.

References

Camarero Bullón, C., and Fidalgo Hijano, C. (2007). Conocer el territorio y sus gentes: el Diccionario geográfico-histórico-estadístico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar de Pascual Madoz. Biblioteca: estudio e investigación, 22, 9–32. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3082821

Madoz, P. (1845–1850). Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar (16 vols.). Madrid: Imprenta del Diccionario.

Martín García, J. J. (2020). «Ocultando cantidades de mucha consideración»: población y riqueza en el Diccionario de Madoz. El caso de Burgos (1845–1850). Alcores: Revista de Historia Contemporánea, 23, 105–136. https://doi.org/10.69791/rahc.37

La entrada The Dictionary of Pascual Madoz (1845–1850): A Territorial “Wikipedia” Built Before the Internet se publicó primero en Fundación Ibercivis.

Introduction. In 1803, the Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition departed from A Coruña with the aim of carrying the smallpox vaccine to overseas territories. The expedition, led by Francisco Javier Balmis, has been considered the first global vaccination campaign. But for the vaccine to arrive alive in America and the Philippines, knowing the technique was not enough; it had to be preserved during the voyage.

Care as scientific infrastructure. For the smallpox vaccine to reach America and the Philippines aboard the corvette María Pita, it had to be preserved “arm to arm” through a group of children from the Orphans’ Home of La Coruña. Balmis organized that vaccination chain; Zendal was responsible for sustaining its daily operation. Her work was not only welfare-based: it combined care, vigilance, coordination, and practical continuity so that the vaccine would arrive alive on the other side of the Atlantic.

A practical knowledge applied with rigor. Without a university degree —inaccessible to a woman of her background in the 18th century—, Zendal applied exceptional rigor in the observation, care, and maintenance of the vaccination chain. Her contribution did not come from academia, but from a daily practice made of attention, organization, and direct responsibility. It is a clear example of how practical knowledge, when exercised with rigor, can sustain a scientific enterprise of enormous scope.

Why is Isabel Zendal a reference in citizen science?

• Participation in scientific implementation. Zendal did not design or direct the expedition, but her work was essential to sustain the vaccination chain and make its application possible in other territories.
• Scientific and human infrastructure. The vaccine had to be preserved alive “arm to arm”. The success of the expedition depended on a human vaccination chain sustained by daily vigilance, coordination, and organization.
• Science of care. Her figure shows that maintaining, accompanying, observing, and guaranteeing that a process works is also part of scientific production. In this case, care was not external to science, but a condition for the health campaign to be carried out.
• An open tension. It was not citizen science in the current sense: there was no voluntary participation in the production of data or knowledge, but rather an institutionally organized health expedition. But it reminds us that many phases of science depend on people located outside the academic core, whose practical knowledge makes its application and impact possible.

Did you know…? Isabel Zendal has been recognized by the WHO as the first nurse on an international mission in history. The Balmis Expedition, considered the first global vaccination campaign, depended on a human chain formed by 22 vaccini-ferous children and the daily work of care, vigilance, and coordination of a woman located outside the academic field. Her story reminds us that science is also sustained by practical knowledge, logistics, and care.

REFERENCES

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. (2021). Un cómic y un libro monográfico rememoran la primera campaña global de vacunación: la Expedición de Balmis. https://www.csic.es/es/actualidad-del-csic/un-comic-y-un-libro-monografico-rememoran-la-primera-campana-global-de-vacunacion-la-expedicion-de-balmis

Ministerio de Cultura. (2023). Expedición Balmis (1800–1820). Registro Memoria del Mundo UNESCO. https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/registro-memoria-unesco/2023/expedicion-balmis.html

Real Academia de la Historia. (s. f.). Isabel Zendal Gómez. Historia Hispánica. https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/42380-isabel-zendal-gomez

Ramírez Martín, S. M. (2002). Única mujer participant en la Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna: Dña. Isabel Sendales y Gómez. En M. R. Sánchez Rubio, I. Testón Núñez, J. Alvaro Rubio y F. Serrano Mangas (Coords.), IX Congreso Internacional de Historia de América (Vol. 2, pp. 271–276). Editora Regional de Extremadura. Texto completo disponible en la Asociación Española de Americanistas: https://www.americanistas.es/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/09-76-Ma-Ramirez-Martin-Susana-Unica-mujer-participante-en-la-Real-Expedicion-Filantropica-de-la-vacuna-Dna.-Isabel-Sendales-y-Gomez-Congreso-de-Badajoz-2000.pdf

Agencia SINC. (2023). Isabel Zendal, enfermera pionera en misión internacional. https://www.agenciasinc.es/Visual/Ilustraciones/Isabel-Zendal-la-primera-enfermera-de-la-historia-en-mision-internacional

Illustration credits: Ramón Palmeral

La entrada Isabel Zendal (1773 – ?): The key piece of science’s first «human infrastructure» se publicó primero en Fundación Ibercivis.